在较早的历史时代,我们几乎到处寻找一个复杂的社会安排成各种命令一流定级阶级. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.我们patricians古罗马、骑士、plebians、奴隶;在中世纪,封建领主、附庸、会馆-船长,journeymen,学徒、农奴;几乎在所有这些课,又服从等级.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms.现代社会中,资产阶级已萌生从废墟封建社会阶级对立并未抹掉. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.但是它建立了新阶级、新的压迫条件、新的斗争形式代替旧的.
Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms.我们的时代,资产阶级时代,拥有,不过,这鲜明的特点:它简化了阶级对立. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other -- bourgeoisie and proletariat.全社会越来越分裂成两个敌对阵营的伟大,分成两个班,直接面对对方大--资产阶级和无产阶级.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns.从中世纪的农奴源泉渣打伯格的最早乡镇. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.从这些burgesses第一要素是资产阶级的发达.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie.发现美洲,四舍五入的哥,开辟新的上涨理由资产阶级. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.东印度和中国的市场、美洲的集群、贸易与殖民地增加交流手段和一般商品,给商业、航海、工业、心血来潮从未为人所知,从而给革命的因素在封建社会摇摇欲坠,快速发展.
The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer suffices for the growing wants of the new markets.封建制业,其中工业生产由封闭垄断行、现在越来越多想不再足够的新市场. The manufacturing system took its place.制造系统取而代之. The guild-masters were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in each single workshop.该会馆-主人被一旁的制造业中产阶级;分工不同企业在面临消失会馆分工每个车间.
Meantime, the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising.与此同时,市场不断日益增长的需求不断上升. Even manufacturers no longer sufficed.即使厂商不再满足. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production.于是,蒸汽和机器工业生产带来革命性的. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, MODERN INDUSTRY; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial millionaires, the leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.制造地点进行巨人、现代工业;地方工业的工业中产阶级百万富翁,整个工业领袖军近代资产阶级.
Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way.现代工业已建成了世界市场,其中发现美洲铺路. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land.这个市场是有巨大发展商业、航海、通讯的土地. This development has, in turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.这种发展,从而延伸产业的反应;而比例为工业、商业、航海、铁路延伸,在同一比例资产阶级发达,增加了资本、而被推到后台每个班级中世纪流传下来.
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.我们看到,因此,如何在现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物,一系列革命的生产方式和交流.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance in that class.每一步发展,资产阶级是伴随着相应的政治进步一班. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association of medieval commune [4] : here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France); afterward, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general -- the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political sway.一个阶级压迫下晃动了封建贵族、武装和非自治联合会中世纪公社[4]:这里城市共和国独立(如意大利和德国);有应税"第三产业"的君主制(如法国);随后,在适当时期制造、现任要么半封建的君主专制或贵族作为counterpoise反对,而事实上,一般基石伟大君主--资产阶级就在去年,自成立以来,现代工业的世界市场中,战胜了自己,在现代国家的代表、独家政治挥洒空间. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.现代国家行政的管理委员会只是整个资产阶级的共同事务.
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.资产阶级在历史上,起了最革命的一部分.
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations.资产阶级,哪里有占了上风,结束了全部封建宗法、田园关系. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors", and has left no other nexus between people than naked self-interest, than callous "cash payment".它无情四分五裂的封建关系,势必杂色人对他的"自然上司"并没有留下比其他人之间的赤裸裸的自我利益,不是冷酷的"现金支付". It has drowned out the most heavenly ecstacies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation.它最淹没天ecstacies宗教热情,侠义热情,庸俗的感伤,在冰冷的海水本位主义计算. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade.它解决了个人价值为交换价值,以及数不清的不可替代的特许自由已成立单一,不合情理自由--自由贸易. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.一句话,开发、隐晦的宗教和政治幻想,它取代赤裸、无耻、直接、残酷剥削.
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe.资产阶级剥夺其占领每个光环仰天迄今荣幸和敬畏与顶戴. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers.它已将医师、律师、牧师、诗人、男子科学纳入其支付劳动者工资.
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation.资产阶级就撕掉面纱,从家庭的情感,而减少了家庭关系变成纯粹金钱关系.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence.资产阶级透露,如何来通过残酷展示活力中世纪其中反动派这么佩服,发现它在最恰当的补懒懒散. It has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about.据第一大显身手男人的活动能带来. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former exoduses of nations and crusades.它已经完成了奇迹,远远超越了埃及金字塔、罗马渡槽、哥特式天主教堂;它说,在野外进行乘凉各民族和十字军东征前流亡.
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society.资产阶级无法生存的生产工具不断革命化,从而生产关系、并与他们关系整个社会. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes.保存旧的生产模式不变形式被,相反,所有存在的首要条件,工业早些时候班. Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones.革命化恒产,一切社会状况不断骚扰、永远不确定性和焦躁各区分资产阶级时代较早的. All fixed, fast frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify.所有固定、速冻关系,以培养他们的古代和老偏见和意见,都冲走,所有新成立的迂腐才能固化. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.一切都融化成固体空气,一切都是神圣的亵渎,而男子终于不得不面对现实,他冷静的头脑和他的生活条件与客气.
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe.不断扩大的市场需求,为自己产品在整个资产阶级追逐地球表面. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere.它必须到处雀巢、定居,到处建立联系无处不在.
The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of the world market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country.资产阶级已透过其开发世界市场由于大都会性格每个国家的生产和消费. To the great chagrin of reactionaries, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood.向伟大的反动派懊恼,有来自全国工业英尺下地面上997. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed.全部旧民族工业已建立每天被摧毁或破坏. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe.他们用力的新兴产业,其言生死问题成为所有文明国家工作起来,不再受原工业原料,但原料来自边远地带;工业产品有食用,不仅在国内,而且在每季度的瞩目. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes.想要取代旧的、满意的生产国,我们要找出新、要求他们满意的产品和聚会的地方. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations.代替旧的地方和民族隔离而自给自足,我们性交右旋,通用跨国家的依赖. And as in material, so also in intellectual production.而在物质、智力等也在生产. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property.个别国家版权作品成为共同财产. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.民族的片面性和狭隘,越来越不可能,从众多国家和地方文献、则会出现世界文学.
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization.资产阶级,由所有生产工具的迅速改进,极大地方便了通信手段,提请所有,即使是最野蛮,进入文明国家. The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate.廉价商品的价格与它的重炮部队胡人'成群结队顽固仇视外国人投降. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves.它迫使所有国家,对疼痛消失,采用资产阶级的生产方式;它迫使他们引进它所谓文明融入一片,即成为资产阶级本身. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.一句话,它创造了世界后自己的形象.
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns.资产阶级的统治已受到国家的城镇. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life.它创造了巨大的城市,大大增加了农村城镇人口相比,因而救出了相当一部分人口向农村生活白痴. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.正如曾国依靠城镇所以做出野蛮和半野蛮的国家,依靠文明、农民对国家民族的资产阶级,在西东.
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property.资产阶级不断破除了越来越多国家的人口分散、对生产资料和财产. It has agglomerated population, centralized the means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands.它团聚人口集中、生产资料、财产,都集中在少数人手里. The necessary consequence of this was political centralization.这是必要的政治后果中央集权. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class interest, one frontier, a nd one customs tariff.独立,或松散,但省、独立利益、法律、政府和税收制度,成了混为一谈成一个民族,一个政府,一个法典,其中国家级兴趣,一前一其中钕关税.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.资产阶级在其统治稀缺100年创造更大规模和更巨大的生产力比过去世世代代都在一起. Subjection of nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization or rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?接受大自然的力量男、机械、应用化学在工农业、蒸汽航海、铁路、电力电报、清理整大洲为种植,或渠相连,整个人群唤出钻出来--世纪早些时候曾表示,即使有这种预感生产力长眠维特在社会劳动?
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society.然后我们看到:生产资料和交换,其基础建立资产阶级本身放产生于封建社会. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organization of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters.在某一个阶段的发展,这些生产资料和交换,封建社会条件下产生和交换,封建组织农业和制造业,一句话,封建财产关系已经变得不再符合生产力发展;他们成了众多羁绊. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.多次被爆裂支离破碎;他们被爆裂支离破碎.
Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class.进入自由竞争的阶梯广场,伴随着社会和政治的宪法适应它,同经济、政治的资产阶级摆动.
A similar movement is going on before our own eyes.正在进行一项类似运动前自己的眼睛. Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells.近代资产阶级社会,其生产关系、汇率和财产社会已经编造了如此巨大的生产资料和交流就像魔法师者不再能够控制权力他已幽明他打电话订. For many a decade past, the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule.10多年过去,工商史,只是现代史上的动乱对生产力的现代条件生产对财产关系的条件是存在的资产阶级和其统治. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that, by their periodical return, put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly.何况这是不够的商业危机,他们定期回报把整个资产阶级社会生存的审讯,每次恐吓更多. In these crises, a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed.在这些危机,不仅大部份的现有产品,而且先前创造生产力,定期销毁. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production.在这些危机有爆发流行,在所有时代较早、会显得荒谬--流行超额生产. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed.社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态进入;看来仿佛饥荒、全民战争的蹂躏,已切断一切生活资料的供应;工商似乎被销毁. And why?为什么? Because there is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce.因为有太多的文明,生活资料太多,工业太多,太商业. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.生产力处置社会不再倾向于进一步发展的条件下资产阶级财产;相反的,他们已成为这些条件太过强大,他们所束缚,所以一旦克服这些束缚,使他们成为整个资产阶级社会紊乱,存在危及资产阶级财产. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them.资产阶级社会条件太窄包含他们所创造的财富. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises?如何克服这些危机资产阶级? On the one hand, by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones.在一方面,由执行销毁了大规模的生产能力;在另一方面,被征服的新市场,是由旧的剥削更深. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.也就是说,由铺平更广泛、更毁灭性危机递减的手段和危机预防的.
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.同资产阶级的武器掉落在地上的封建现在反对资产阶级本身.
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.但不仅是资产阶级的假武器给自己带来的死亡;它还存在所谓的男人执掌这些武器--现代工人阶级--无产阶级.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labor increases capital.比例为资产阶级即资本发展,在同一比例无产阶级现代工人阶级,发达--劳动者阶层,只要住只找到工作谁只要找到工作仅增加资本投劳. These laborers, who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.这些劳动者,他们必须推销自己零碎,都是一种商品,像其他每个文章商务部并因此遭受的一切沧桑比赛全部市场波动.
Owing to the extensive use of machinery, and to the division of labor, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman.由于大量使用机械,并分工,工作失去一切的无产阶级个性,因此,所有的工人魅力. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him.他成为附庸的机器,它只是最简单、最单调、而最容易后天诀窍,就是需要他. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance, and for the propagation of his race.因此,生产成本是一个工人限制,几乎完全、到生活资料,他要求维修,并为他的种族繁殖. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labor, is equal to its cost of production.但是一种商品价格,因此也劳动,相当于其生产成本. In proportion, therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases.成正比,因此,为增加工作的厌恶,工资下跌. What is more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labor increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a given time, or by increased speed of machinery, etc.更何况,在使用比例为机械及分工增加在同样的负担比例也增加辛劳,是否延长工作时间的,增加了工作付出了一定的时间,或加快机械等
Modern Industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist.现代工业厂房改建的小主人父入厂的大工业资本主义. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers.广大劳动者,密布的工厂、举办像士兵. As privates of the industrial army, they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants.作为陆军二等兵的工业,把他们放在一个完美的指挥军官、军曹等级. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois state; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, in the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself.不仅是奴隶的资产阶级和资产阶级国家;他们每天和每小时的机器奴役、受overlooker,首先个别厂商自己的资产阶级. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.越是这个专制公然宣称其最终目标是要争取,更小、更可恶的是,越是糟践.
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labor, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labor of men superseded by that of women.消耗少的技能和隐含在手工劳动强度,换句话说,现代工业愈发达,愈是劳动妇女,男性取代. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class.不同年龄和性别都不再有鲜明的工人阶级的社会效. All are instruments of labor, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.一切都是劳动工具,或多或少使用昂贵,根据他们的年龄和性别.
No sooner is the exploitation of the laborer by the manufacturer, so far at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portion of the bourgeoisie, t he landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.梁山泊是剥削劳动者的制造者,在结束为止,他说,他收到的现金工资,比他设立的其他部分的资产阶级,笔他房东,店主,押等
The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, and retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production.低下阶层中产阶级--小商人、店员、技工、离退休一般在手工业和农民--所有这些下沉逐渐成为无产阶级因为他们没有足够的爱称资本规模上进行现代工业、而淹没在竞争的大资本家,部分原因是其专业技能提供了新的生产方式,一文不值. Thus, the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.因此,无产阶级是来自各阶层居民.
The proletariat goes through various stages of development.无产阶级经过不同的发展阶段. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie.随着它的诞生开始同资产阶级斗争. At first, the contest is carried on by individual laborers, then by the work of people of a factory, then by the operative of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them.起初,比赛进行到个体劳动者,然后由工人们开工厂然后由一贸易部分,其中地方反对资产阶级个人直接非法利用. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois condition of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labor, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.他们直接攻击并不反对资产阶级生产条件,而且对自己的生产工具;他们摧毁制品进口,跟他们的劳动,他们机械粉碎粉身碎骨,他们焚烧厂定、他们试图以武力恢复工人的地位消失了中世纪.
At this stage, the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition.在现阶段,劳动者仍在形成遍布全国的大规模语无伦次,而破碎的彼此竞争. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so.如果他们团结起来,形成较为紧凑地方机构这还不后果自己主动联盟,但该联盟的资产阶级其中阶级,为了达到自己的政治目的,不得不把整个无产阶级运动此外,但是,一时间,能够做到. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeois.在这一阶段,因此,无产阶级不打敌人,但敌人的敌人君主专制的残余、地主、非工业资产阶级,小资产阶级. Thus, the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie.因此,整个历史运动都集中在资产阶级手里;所以取得的每一个胜利,是资产阶级的胜利.
But with the development of industry, the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more.但随着工业的发展,无产阶级不仅人数增加;变得更加集中群众实力增强了,它觉得实力. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalized, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labor, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level.各种利益和生活状况的无产阶级队伍也越来越相同,优比例为机械人忘却一切劳动、降低工资一样到处将近低水平. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating.日益竞争的资产阶级,弥商业危机,使工人的工资愈来愈不稳定. The increasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes.日益改善机械、更加迅速发展,使得他们的生活越来越不稳定;民工的个人与个人之间的碰撞资产阶级采取更多的性格碰撞两班. Thereupon, the workers begin to form combinations (trade unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts.于是,工人们开始形成组合(工会)反对资产阶级;俱乐部为了留住他们在一起的工钱;他们发现永久协会为了使这些规定事先偶尔反抗. Here and there, the contest breaks out into riots.这里那里,比赛进入爆发暴动.
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time.而今而后,工人胜利了,但只能维持一段时间. The real fruit of their battles lie not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers.水果的战役真实谎言不是直接结果但在不断扩大的工人联合会. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by Modern Industry, and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another.这个联盟是由帮助改进通信手段所创造的现代工业,而把各地的工人彼此联系. It was just this contact that was needed to centralize the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes.正是这种接触,许多地方需要集中奋斗,都是同一性质、成一个国家阶级之间的斗争. But every class struggle is a political struggle.但每个阶级斗争是一场政治斗争. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarian, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.而联盟,实现了伯格的中世纪,与其悲惨公路,需百年现代无产阶级由于铁路在数年内实现.
This organization of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently, into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves.这个组织的无产阶级变成阶级,并因此成为一个政党,又不断打破工人之间的竞争本身. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier.但日益升高起来,更加坚强,更加坚定,厉害. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself.它迫使国会立法确认特定利益的工作,利用资产阶级间的分歧. Thus, the Ten-Hours Bill in England was carried.因此,10小时在英格兰法案获得通过.
Altogether, collisions between the classes of the old society further in many ways the course of development of the proletariat.总共碰撞了旧社会的阶级在多方面进一步发展过程中的无产阶级. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle.资产阶级处于不断参与战斗. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all time with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries.起初与贵族;稍后,同资产阶级本身的那部分,对立的利益,已成为工业进步;在任何时候与外国资产阶级. In all these battles, it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for help, and thus to drag it into the political arena.在所有这些战役,它以为自己不得不向无产阶级呼吁,要求协助,而拖成政坛. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie.资产阶级本身,因此,无产阶级用品自己的政治和普通教育内容,换句话说,它打证据无产阶级同资产阶级的武器.
Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling class are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of existence.此外,正如我们已经看到,整个路段都是统治阶级,由预先业沉淀成无产阶级,或者至少吓他们的生存条件. These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress.这也是无产阶级供应新鲜元素启蒙与进步.
Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the progress of dissolution going on within the ruling class, in fact within the whole range of old society, assumes such a violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands.最后,在阶级斗争接近的时候果断小时在解散进度进行统治阶级,事实上在一系列旧社会假设这种暴力,突出特色,一小部分统治阶级削减本身漂浮、而加入革命的阶级、阶层人士的未来在手里. Just as, therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.正如因此,在较早的时期,一段诸侯倒向资产阶级、现在一部分资产阶级推移交给无产阶级,尤其一部分资产阶级思想家、曾经提出自己的历史理论水平,领会运动的整体水平.
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a genuinely revolutionary class.各班级,面对面地站在资产阶级今天单是一个真正的无产阶级革命班. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential product.其他阶级腐朽终于消失在面对现代工业;无产阶级的特殊和必需的产品.
The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class.下层的小型厂商,店员,工匠、农民、资产阶级的种种打击,其前身为挽救免于灭绝分数中产阶级. They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative.他们没有革命,而是保守. Nay, more, they are reactionary, for they try to roll back the wheel of history.加,更是反动的,因为他们试图击退历史的车轮. If, by chance, they are revolutionary, they are only so in view of their impending transfer into the proletariat; they thus defend not their present, but their future interests; they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat.如果碰巧,他们是革命家,他们只是在等他们即将转入无产阶级的;于是他们目前没有辩护,但其未来的利益;他们各自的立场来沙漠时,把自己的无产阶级.
The "dangerous class", the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society, may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue."危险"级,社会败类,被动抛落烂,群众的最低层次的旧社会,可以到处去,被纳入了无产阶级革命运动;它的生活条件,但是,它准备得多了行贿手段的一部分反动阴谋.
In the condition of the proletariat, those of old society at large are already virtually swamped.无产阶级的条件,这些旧社会大众几乎已经泛滥成灾. The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family relations; modern industry labor, modern subjection to capital, the same in England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every trace of national character.无产阶级是没有财产;他对妻子和孩子已不再是常见的事,与资产阶级的家庭关系;现代工业劳动,现代的资本接受,因为在英格兰同法国在美国作为德国已经剥夺每一丝国格. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.法律、道德、宗教,都是他太多资产阶级偏见,隐藏在背后的伏击正如许多资产阶级利益.
All the preceding classes that got the upper hand sought to fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at large to their conditions of appropriation.所有班级前面,略占上风力图巩固已经取得的地位受到了社会大到拨款条件. The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation.无产阶级不能掌握社会生产力、除取消其拨款方式上,从而也每隔以前拨款方式. They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property.他们没有自己的巩固和巩固;其使命是摧毁历届证券、保险、个人财产.
All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities.历届少数民族历史变动走势,或符合少数民族. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority.无产阶级的运动是自觉的,独立运动的巨大多数,多数巨大的利益. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.无产阶级,现今社会的最低层,不能搅拌,不能把自己放未经全体自上而下社会阶层官员被突然向空中.
Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle.虽然没有实质,但在形式上、斗争是无产阶级同资产阶级的斗争在全国第一. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie.每一个国家的无产阶级当然必须首先解决事情有自己的资产阶级.
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.描绘最普遍的发展阶段无产阶级我们追查或多或少含蓄内战,熊熊在现有社会中,截至到开战的地步公开革命而暴力推翻资产阶级奠定了无产阶级得势.
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes.到目前为止,社会一直以各种形式,正如我们已经看到,关于压迫、被压迫阶级对立. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence.但为了一个阶级压迫,必须保证一定的条件下,它可以给它,至少,萧规曹随,继续存在. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of the feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois.农奴,农奴时期,提高自己在公社成员,像小资产阶级、封建专制的桎梏下,能够发展成为一个资产阶级. The modern laborer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class.现代劳动者,相反,反而有上升的产业化进程,汇深低于自己的阶级的生存条件. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth.他成了穷棒子、返贫人口和财富比发展更为迅速. And here it becomes evident that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an overriding law.这里显然是不适宜再资产阶级是统治阶级社会并把自己在社会上生存条件作为压倒法律. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him.这是因为它是不适于统治无能保证了它的存在,他的奴隶奴役因为它不禁让他陷入这种状态,它给他不是被喂他. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.再也不能活在这个社会阶级,换句话说,它的存在已不再符合社会.
The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage labor.存在的必要条件和得势的资产阶级的形成与强化资本;工资是劳动条件的资金. Wage labor rests exclusively on competition between the laborers.劳动工资之间的竞争完全属于劳动者. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the laborers, due to competition, by the revolutionary combination, due to association.推进产业的启动是自愿资产阶级,取代了孤立的劳动者,由于比赛被革命联合,由于协会. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products.现代工业的发展,因此,从削减其脚根基而产生的资产阶级和合适的产品. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers.于是产生了什么资产阶级,首先是自己坟墓当场. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.秋季和无产阶级的胜利是同样不可避免的. |
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